Rene Girard
undertook one of the most generative and controversial intellectual experiments
of the 20th century. Girard observed
what he called “mimetic rivalry” in both ancient myth and modern novels. The concept is easy enough to
understand. We learn what to desire,
Girard argued, by observing and imitating the desire of others. Three toddlers are playing quietly. An adult introduces a new toy into the
room. One of the toddlers approaches the
toy. Suddenly all three toddlers want
the toy. The rivalry between the
toddlers was generated by the desire of one for the new toy. The others, seeing its attraction and its
singularity become instant rivals for its possession. Others show us what is desirable. When the supply of desirable objects is
limited, there is conflict. This rivalry
and violence is visible at the beginning of all human culture. Unless the problems associated with this
rivalry and violence are addressed, a coherent culture cannot form.
To overcome these twin problems
early societies ingeniously fixed on the solution of sacrificial violence. An individual or group was deemed guilty of
instigating the conflict and subsequently sacrificed. This temporarily reduced the conflict as the
larger group came together to eliminate the one or ones supposedly guilty of
generating the original violence. This
“founding murder”, Girard argued, is at the origin of every great society. But to be effective such sacrifices need to
be repeated. Someone needs to be
blamed. Someone needs to be
sacrificed. The society needs to find
unity around an individual or group it can despise and blame for all its problems. Girard called this figure “the
scapegoat.” He argued that it was
Judaism and Christianity that began the process of exposing this mechanism. The Old Testament gives the victims a
voice. Stories like those of Joseph,
Job, and Israel itself demonstrate that the victim is not always guilty of the
crimes it is charged with. And the
victim, as the Psalms demonstrate, will not always remain silent. In his death on the cross Jesus, the
quintessential scapegoat demonstrated the ugliness and violence at the heart of
the scapegoat mechanism. He became the
scapegoat to end all scapegoats.
A
frightened people produce scapegoats--people who fear additional rivals for
limited resources; people who want things to stay as they are; people who want
to hang onto their power. An effective
scapegoat has to be someone weaker, someone more vulnerable, someone in the
power of the majority. For centuries in
western Europe it was the Jews: they were accused of poisoning Christian wells,
stealing Christian children, and cheating Christians in business. In times of
fear outbreaks of violence against the Jews became a release valve. Scapegoating of the Jews suffered a blow in
the wake of World War II and Hitler’s ultimate act of scapegoating. But it has never disappeared. In the United States, various waves of
immigrants served the role of scapegoats: the Irish, the Italians, the Poles,
and now Asian and Hispanics. But the
most convenient, the most despised, and most abused of our scapegoats have been
the African-Americans. Enslaved and
abused for centuries, they were kept uneducated, powerless, and
impoverished. And yet they were
feared. This fear only increased in the
south with their liberation. And young
African-American males were among the most fears and despised.
From and post Civil War era until
post World War II southern trees sprouted what Billie Holiday hauntingly called
“strange fruit”. African-Americans were
hung, drowned, dragged to death behind horses, and simply beaten to death. These were often spontaneous lynchings
brought about by some real or imagined crime.
The country seemed to slumber through most of this horrendous violence
until Emmet Till. The death of this
young man in 1955 at the hands of vicious racists for some supposed slight,
shocked the nation. A few years after
Till’s death I was working at service station in my hometown, Nashville,
Tennessee. I was about 10 or 11 years old.
A friend and I were washing a car in one of the bays while mechanics
were working on a car in the other. Since
Till’s death, the civil rights movement had been gathering steam. Kennedy had been elected and pressure was
being bought to bear on the violent regimes of the south. A notorious local character was bragging to
the mechanics while they worked on his car.
He had recently gotten out of prison.
One of the men asked him if he had ever killed anyone. He answered, “Well, I killed a couple of
n****** once. But that was back when it
was still legal to kill n******.” They
all laughed.
It was not legal to kill anyone,
black or white, in Tennessee. But they
all knew what he meant. No jury in the
South would convict a white man of the murder of a black man. The men who murdered Emmett Till knew
that. The men who killed the little
girls in Birmingham knew that. The
African American males who were beaten to death in police custody, or weighted
with chains and dumped in the middle some murky lake, would never be
vindicated. Their murderers slept
serenely in their beds. These young men
were scapegoats. Their deaths unified a
fearful community. Their murders
reaffirmed the values of the community and the social order that sustained
it. Of course, such things were not
unique to the south. Young black men
were beaten to death in northern jails; shot to death by northern cops;
unmourned by northern whites. Young
black men are still targets of opportunity for the fearful and angry. They are still, harassed, beaten, and
imprisoned in appalling numbers.
Trayvon Martin has become the face
of all these often-nameless young men.
Whatever the circumstances of his death, he was a young man minding his
own business that became the victim of fear, paranoia, and the will to
power. He became a victim of our death
dealing love of guns and our feeble minded inability to think of a different
way of confronting our differences. He
became the latest in a long line of young African Americans to die as a
Scapegoat. But as Girard pointed out,
the scapegoat mechanism has been shown for what it is. The cross has exposed our violence, our fear,
our envy and greed. The mechanism has
been fatally wounded. We hear its
failure in the voices raised against this senseless death. Girard was worried that without the
scapegoat mechanism our culture would fall once again into rivalry and
violence. Our political divisions, so
intractable, so vicious, seem to support his viewpoint. Only the power of non-violent love—the power
of the cross—is able to confront our fear, our dependence on blood and
violence, our scapegoating, and our will to power. But Christians have frequently gone in for
scapegoating and violence in spite of the cross of Jesus. Girard could not be said to be sanguine about
our future. And neither am I. I am not optimistic. I know our adolescent love of violence; I
know our infantile addiction to power, especially the power of the gun. But I also know the redeeming power of God,
the possibility of repentance and reconciliation. I am not optimistic. But I have hope.
John E. Phelan, Jr.
